Most skilled photographers will confess that when it comes to investing in photography equipment, they’d much rather invest in lenses than bodies. Camera bodies come and go, but lenses stay. Lenses can make or break an image (or the spirit of the photographer) and since they cost anything from a couple of dinner dates to as much as a new car, I figured I’d share a few insights into the world of those sleek long glass encasing tubes that allow our sensors to see. I will not get into the different lenses for specific styles of photography, but instead, I’ll discuss the two primary types of lenses out there; Prime and Zoom.

Prime lenses are also known as fixed focal length lenses. They do not zoom in or out, meaning your field of view is absolutely fixed, unless you decide to do a little “foot-zooming.” Zoom lenses, on the other hand, allow the convenience of a variable field of view that can go from wide angle to extreme telephoto. Both these lenses have their advantages and disadvantages and the choice for adopting one or the other (most photographers have both in their kits) and through understanding their basic nature, you can decide in which situations require the use of primes and which situations favor the zoom.

A few disclaimers before we dive in though:

1)    I am primarily a Canon shooter and my experience with the Nikon system is very limited. So any time specific lenses are mentioned, the comparison is for the Canon versions and though the basic principles will apply across systems that might not always be the case. Best way to figure out would be to go out and shoot!

2)    I am basing this write up on my EXTENSIVE use of the lenses that will find mention in this post, and many that weren’t. I’ll include a full list at the end of this post.

3)    One thing to keep in mind about lenses is that you get what you pay for. The L class of lenses by canon is expensive because of the extremely high quality of glass and lens design that comprise of them. Comparing them to a $100 prime lens is just downright stupid and you should probably ask someone to sell of your equipment for you. So for all sensibilities, lenses with similar monetary and optical qualities are compared, except where noted.

Ok, with that out of way, let’s begin.

Prime vs. Zoom Lenses: Aperture.
One of the foremost reasons why photographers pick up a prime lens is because how wide the aperture on these things can go. Due to the laws of physics, or our limited understanding of, we have only successfully managed to design zoom lenses with a maximum aperture opening of f/2.8. Designing a zoom lens with a faster aperture would violate basic principles of sound economics and probably drive lens prices north of what a car would cost (not that some lenses already don’t cost that much). It also has something to do with how much glass you can pack into a metal tube while maintaining the optimum quality of light. This is where prime lenses out-shine their zoom counterparts. Almost literally. A standard prime lens has an aperture of f/1.8, which is almost A STOP AND A THIRD faster than the zoom counterpart. This means u can easily drop your ISO from, let’s say, 800 to 600 or just increase your shutter speed (obviously, this is assuming you are shooting at f/1.8). The faster the aperture on your lens, the more room you have to adjust the shutter speed and the ISO on your camera. This knowledge comes in VERY handy when you’re a concert photographer like me.

One thing we are all taught, or at least familiarized with is that the aperture on a lens is directly in control of the “bokeh” (background blur) in one’s photograph. This is only PARTLY true. The aperture does allow for a manipulation of bokeh, but sensor size and focal length also play a very prominent role in how much background blur you will get. For sensors, the rule is: smaller the sensor, lesser the background blur. For focal length, longer the focal length being used, the more background blur you get. For example, while shooting with Sigma 50mm lens mounted on a Canon 40D set to aperture value of f/1.4, the amount of background blur I get could easily be matched by a Canon 135 f/2.0 lens mounted on the same camera, but with the aperture set to f/2.0. The larger focal length allows for more blur. I doubt there is a specific calculator for the amount of blur you will get for a given focal length at a set aperture, but experienced photographers will agree with me here*. One thing to keep in mind with this rule is that here I have assumed that the distance between the subject and the camera is either the same OR that the distance is manipulated so that the effective field of view with both the setups is roughly the same. If this isn’t clear, hound me in the comments to make it clearer

The above three images are to highlight the relationship between Focal Length, Aperture and the distance of the subject from the lens.

Prime vs. Zoom Lenses: Versatility.
The primary reasons most photographers, pro and amateur alike; commit a zoom lens to their kit is because of the convenience they offer. The kit for one of the Infected Mushroom concerts I shot consisted of a 1D MarkIII with a canon 24-70 f/2.8 and a 40D with a Sigma 30mm f/1.4 along with the customary Canon 580 EXII flashlights mounted on both the cameras. This was my third Infected Mushroom concert I was shooting, but the first in which I used a Zoom lens and I found myself so at peace, just standing in one spot, able to get both wide and telephoto (closeup) shots of ANY member of the band. Yes. I could stand in one place and capture ALL FOUR members of the band. I hardly used the 40D that night and my Sigma 30mm lens felt like a girlfriend feels when she finds out her significant other has been with another woman.

I recall running around the venue like crazy because the only lens I had at the time was my Sigma 30mm f/1.4 mounted on a 40D and it was absolutely maddening. I was often scared of getting smacked by the artist because I was getting too close to them to get the perfect close-up shot of them. Thankfully, my tally of getting punched out on a shoot still remains at a very comforting ZERO.

Prime vs. Zoom Lenses: Image Quality.
Now this is a tricky one. Image quality is AS subjective as it can get. FOR ME, when I speak of image quality, I will be referring to the following:

1)    Sharpness of the image at a given aperture

2)    Barrel distortion

Now as a prime shooter, my first instinct is to YELL OUT that prime lenses top both those categories, but I’ll take the more civil route (also because you can’t really “yell” on a blog post). So first, let’s tackle Sharpness.

Sharpness is a factor of how well two components play together; glass quality and lens design. Well, everything about image quality is a factor of the quality of glass (actually sand) used to make the lens (because glass is made of sand). One statement that is often made about lenses is that the sharpness takes a small hit at the largest aperture. Stop down the lens by 2/3 or a whole stop and you see the lens go from a butter knife to a katana. While the cheaper lenses (sub $300-$400) do exhibit such behavior, the more expensive L series lenses are somewhat resistant to this behavior. During my stint with the Canon 24-70 f/2.8 (I used this lens for a little over 2 years), the lens was pretty sharp at f/2.8, its maximum aperture, but the sharpness noticeably increased when I stopped it down to f/4.0. The images at f/2.8 were by no means soft nor did they appear blurry or out of focus, but something about the f/4 image made the difference noticeable. Swapping out the 24-70 f/2.8 for the Sigma 50mm f/1.4 and I notice similar behavior. The lens is pretty sharp at f/1.4 (although the ridiculously shallow depth of field would have noobies thinking otherwise) but stopped down to f/1.8 this lens becomes tack sharp. The more expensive lenses have more finely tuned optical designs (along with a ton of glass elements inside) to deliver maximum sharpness at any given aperture, but this difference in sharpness becomes apparent as we go from a more expensive lens to it’s cheaper variant. For example, which shooting with the two Canon kit lenses (the 18-55 IS and NON IS), I noticed that at 55mm, the maximum aperture of f/5.6 gave me images that were noticeably soft, but going to f/8 fixed that. Between f/5.6 and f/8, that’s a whole STOP of light you’re losing right there. God help you if you’re trying to handhold a shot in low light.

Second on the list is barrel distortion. There isn’t much to say about this, thought I will try and not leave anything unsaid. Barrel distortion is the nature of a lens to produce a slightly bulged image (following the shape of the curved glass elements). The wider the lens, the more prominent this effect, however between zoom and primes lenses at the SAME focal length, a prime lens will produce noticeably less barrel distortion.

Prime vs. Zoom Lenses: Effectiveness as a Tool of Learning.
I guess many could chalk this up to a “personal preference,” but many photographers I have spoken to or read of, confess that their humble beginnings involved the use of prime lenses. I personally started shooting using a really old film camera, with a 50mm f/1.4 lens (manual focus too!). Unfortunately, the advent of digital photography has led a certain level of decline in the way people approach photography. My mentor Mark Kirchner shot with homemade cameras, 8×4’s, cameras that used glass slides to record images etc. He develops his own negatives and makes him own prints. He encouraged me to shoot film, using a 50mm prime lens only (no wide angle, no zoom, none of that fancy stuff). IF you thought that shooting a prime on a DSLR was tough, try shooting film with a prime. Every time you press the shutter, it costs money! In order to save my film (and money and time and money) I became extremely selective of what I shot and how I shot it. I put in a lot of thought into what I was going to capture; using the tools I had been given. Using a prime lens exclusively forced me to learn one of the most essential lessons needed to be a photographer – The rules of Composition. Prime lenses are an excellent tool to understand composition as the lack of zoom forces you to be innovative.

The bottom-line, in MY OPINION, is that primes trump zooms in terms of image quality (of course when comparing lenses of an equal caliber/price range) and also they beat zooms when it comes to aperture values (and hence sharpness at lower apertures), zooms DEFINILTEY have the upper hand when it comes to convenience. They both have their own arenas where they trump the other, so it essentially breaks down to the kind of style and work you as a photographer are trying to develop. I will now close this post with a STRONG recommendation that you must, as a photographer, do two things:

1)    Not cheap out on lenses. SAVE for a year if you have to, but buy GOOD quality lenses. They are an investment

2)    Definitely have at least ONE f/1.4 prime lens in your kit. Theses puppies will come in handy when you’re in a low light situation and don’t have a flash handy.

Feel free to ask questions. In fact, I encourage a discussion on here so that we may all learn!